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The participants were instructed to install a mobile application to their smartphones, which guided them through the experiment, contained all the necessary questionnaires, and presented the virtual environment in conjunction with the Cardboard. Half of the sample performed the experiment in a laboratory at the university, the other half at home without an experimenter present.

A total of 60 subjects (30 female and 30 male) were provided with a Google Cardboard. Testing in a remote setting would ultimately allow more diverse subject samples to be recruited, while also facilitating experiments in different regions, for example, investigations of cultural differences. The aim of this study is first of all to evaluate the suitability of a Google Cardboard as low-cost alternative, and then to test subjects in their home environment. Most such studies use high-end hardware such as Cave Automatic Virtual Environments (CAVEs), although, more recently, consumer-grade head-mounted displays have also been used to present these virtual environments. Virtual Reality is commonly applied as a tool for analyzing pedestrian behavior in a safe and controllable environment. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Design, Chair of Ergonomics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.